It's not that AirPlay doesn't permit this, it's that in the solution you proposed above, the AirPlay receiving device is built into the Marantz, as is the DAC and the amplifier. It's an all in one device designed to make streaming from your iTunes library / iPod Touch / iPhone very simple.
However, as I said in my first post, you could purchase an AirPlay streaming device like the Airport Express or Apple TV 2, then connect this into any external DAC of your choice (e.g. the Arcam rDAC) and connect this into any amplifier of your choice (e.g. the Arcam Solo Mini). So you can use AirPlay with as expensive and as high end a solution as you like. As with any solution though, you need to examine the source i.e. the format of the music in your iTunes library and decide whether it's worth spending buckets of money on the other components.